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- @
- Boyer (far left) and
- Cohen (far right)
- made it possible
- for scientists to
- manipulate the
- hereditary feature
- of plants, animals
- or bacteria. The
- implications are
- staggering: it is
- already theoret-
- ically possible to
- 'design people' who
- have, say, in-built
- resistance to
- disease
- #
-
- #
- In nature,
- organisms adapt
- their genetic
- structures over
- time to accom-
- mo-date external
- influences. After
- Boyer and Cohen
- demonstrated
- gene splicing,
- scientists realised
- they might be able
- to change organ-
- isms from within
- in order to get
- positive effects
- #
- In theory Boyer
- and Cohen's
- discovery meant
- that genetic
- engineering could
- be used in many
- areas of activity.
- Commercial enter-
- prises were quick
- to take advantage
- of the new
- possibilities of
- biotechnology.
- Unsurprisingly, the
- Japanese were at
- the forefront
- #
- Boyer inserted the
- gene for human
- proteins into
- bacteria, which
- when cloned
- created copies of
- body chemicals. He
- used the technique
- to create bacteria
- to make human
- insulin. He set up a
- company selling
- insulin for dia-
- betics and was
- soon followed
- by others
- #
- A greater
- understanding of
- man's genetic
- structure has led
- to tests during
- pregnancy which
- can identify
- diseases such as
- cystic fibrosis.
- However, the
- ability to predict
- a baby's future
- health raises
- ethical questions
- about parents
- selecting the kind
- of child they want
- #
- Probably the
- most significant
- consequence of
- Boyer and Cohen's
- work is the Human
- Genome project. An
- international group
- of scientists are
- trying to map each
- of the 100,000
- genes in our
- bodies. In 1994
- alone, the group
- identified the
- gene responsible
- for breast and
- skin cancer
- #
- Biotechnology
- will be the
- science of the
- next two decades,
- as electronics
- was the science
- of the past two.
- It is now a
- billion-dollar
- business causing
- growing concern
- about who should
- own the rights to
- new discoveries
- @
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